本文通过一个例子测试MySQL的RC隔离级别下的「避免脏读」和「无法避免不可重复读」的问题,并解释MVCC在其中发生的作用
准备
设置全局和当前会话的隔离级别为RC:
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set global transaction isolation level READ COMMITTED ;
set session transaction isolation level READ COMMITTED ;
事务1: 修改一行数据,sleep一段时间后再回滚
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START TRANSACTION;
① UPDATE users SET state=1 WHERE id=1;
② SELECT sleep(10);
ROLLBACK;
事务2: 直接读取当前行的数据
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START TRANSACTION;
① SELECT * FROM users WHERE id=1;
COMMIT;
事务1先于事务2执行,但是发现在事务1休眠的时候,事务2很快就执行完毕并返回了结果。 结论: RC模式下读操作需要获取S锁,但是因为当前已经有了X锁,两个锁是互斥的,理论上S锁需要等待X锁释放才会获取,但是并没有发生这种情况,所以结论是读操作并没有使用S锁。 它是怎么做到的呢?
答案是多版本并发控制MVCC,可以认为它是行级锁的一个变种,但是它在很多情况下都避免了加锁操作,因此开销更低。实现了非堵塞的读操作,写操作也只需要锁定必要的行。 在InnoDb中默认的SELECT操作都是快照读,快照读不加锁,所以即使有其他事务在当前行的记录上加了X锁,也不会影响快照读,所以并发才这么高。
快速问答
RC为什么可以避免脏读?
因为未经提交的事务都是处于当前事务的read view中的,对于当前RC级别的事务来说是不可见的,所以读不到脏数据。
RC为什么避免不了不可重复读?
因为RC每次执行语句前都会重新建立一个新的read view,所以在第一个SELECT之后有新的事务提交了对某一行数据的更新操作,那么当前RC级别事务的第二个SELECT 操作是可以读到这个变更的,因为此时read view是空的。
RR为什么可以避免不可重复读?
因为RR是在事务开始的时候构建一次read view一直到事务提交之前不会重新构建,所以对于一个RR级别事务执行中也在执行更新的事务来说,后者在前者的read view中,所以无法看到它的数据。即使第二个事务提交了,对于第一个RR级别的事务来说,由于后者已经在它的read view中了,所以是看不到的。
幻读和脏读的区别?
关于幻读和不可重复读先看看来自Wikipedia的解释:
- 不可重复读
A non-repeatable read occurs, when during the course of a transaction, a row is retrieved twice and the values within the row differ between reads.
- 幻读
A phantom read occurs when, in the course of a transaction, two identical queries are executed, and the collection of rows returned by the second query is different from the first.
Simple examples:
- User A runs the same query twice.
- In between, User B runs a transaction and commits.
- Non-repeatable read: The A row that user A has queried has a different value the second time.
- Phantom read: All the rows in the query have the same value before and after, but different rows are being selected (because B has deleted or inserted some). Example: select sum(x) from table; will return a different result even if none of the affected rows themselves have been updated, if rows have been added or deleted.
RR如何避免幻读?
我的另一篇文章有详尽的讲解RR和幻读之间的故事:详细分析MySQL如何用REPEATABLE-READ解决幻读问题
To prevent phantoms, InnoDB uses an algorithm called next-key locking that combines index-row locking with gap locking. You can use next-key locking to implement a uniqueness check in your application: If you read your data in share mode and do not see a duplicate for a row you are going to insert, then you can safely insert your row and know that the next-key lock set on the successor of your row during the read prevents anyone meanwhile inserting a duplicate for your row. Thus, the next-key locking enables you to “lock” the nonexistence of something in your table.
References
- https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11043712/what-is-the-difference-between-non-repeatable-read-and-phantom-read
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